Union Membership, Coverage, Density and Employment by Occupation, 1996 (details in table note)
COC	Occupation Name	Obs	Employment	Members	Covered	%Mem	%Cov
	EXECUTIVE, ADMINISTRATIVE, AND MANAGERIAL OCCUPATIONS	19,717	14,262,489	785,390	1,004,876	5.5	7.0
4	Chief executives and general administrators, public administration	20	12,613	1,101	1,101	8.7	8.7
5	Administrators and officials, public administration	968	629,993	107,648	148,101	17.1	23.5
6	Administrators, protective services	87	54,600	14,497	15,968	26.6	29.2
7	Financial managers	829	585,612	3,592	5,044	0.6	0.9
8	Personnel and labor relations managers	165	121,326	4,245	4,592	3.5	3.8
9	Purchasing managers	169	128,453	6,137	6,500	4.8	5.1
13	Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations	799	604,030	7,556	12,858	1.3	2.1
14	Administrators, education and related fields	897	621,974	100,832	134,859	16.2	21.7
15	Managers, medicine and health	944	667,751	21,824	26,130	3.3	3.9
17	Managers, food serving and lodging establishments	1,372	1,012,372	20,341	31,071	2.0	3.1
18	Managers, properties and real estate	495	367,337	17,307	20,422	4.7	5.6
19	Funeral directors	53	37,061	0	0	0.0	0.0
21	Managers, service organizations, n.e.c.	806	561,107	40,269	44,223	7.2	7.9
22	Managers and administrators, n.e.c.	6,747	4,949,875	175,196	213,571	3.5	4.3
23	Accountants and auditors	1,824	1,358,625	79,377	95,990	5.8	7.1
24	Underwriters	127	102,237	1,253	2,517	1.2	2.5
25	Other financial officers	946	656,823	16,839	30,762	2.6	4.7
26	Management analysts	240	171,008	4,260	9,222	2.5	5.4
27	Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists	552	398,606	38,698	44,417	9.7	11.1
28	Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products	14	7,984	756	756	9.5	9.5
29	Buyers, wholesale and retail trade except farm products	274	189,645	4,158	5,557	2.2	2.9
33	Purchasing agents and buyers, n.e.c.	335	242,041	12,725	18,071	5.3	7.5
34	Business and promotion agents	27	22,230	0	725	0.0	3.3
35	Construction inspectors	83	64,520	15,734	21,166	24.4	32.8
36	Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction	326	243,284	70,018	85,165	28.8	35.0
37	Management related occupations, n.e.c.	618	451,384	21,026	26,085	4.7	5.8
	PROFESSIONAL SPECIALTY OCCUPATIONS, EXC. TEACHERS	15,442	11,265,527	1,145,485	1,383,597	10.2	12.3
43	Architects	143	97,199	6,109	7,034	6.3	7.2
44	Aerospace engineers	89	76,360	6,963	10,564	9.1	13.8
45	Metallurgical and materials engineers	35	26,674	2,043	2,811	7.7	10.5
46	Mining engineers	15	5,915	0	797	0.0	13.5
47	Petroleum engineers	28	18,503	0	0	0.0	0.0
48	Chemical engineers	120	92,806	854	3,509	0.9	3.8
49	Nuclear engineers	18	12,528	697	1,785	5.6	14.2
53	Civil engineers	313	226,800	27,661	32,209	12.2	14.2
54	Agricultural engineers	3	2,466	0	0	0.0	0.0
55	Electrical and electronic engineers	744	577,938	23,376	29,732	4.0	5.1
56	Industrial engineers	325	249,751	17,074	24,017	6.8	9.6
57	Mechanical engineers	440	341,982	13,614	17,055	4.0	5.0
58	Marine and naval architects	15	12,667	1,491	1,491	11.8	11.8
59	Engineers, n.e.c.	308	240,127	12,516	13,813	5.2	5.8
63	Surveyors and mapping scientists	35	21,734	3,547	3,547	16.3	16.3
64	Computer systems analysts and scientists	1,254	999,866	37,410	57,627	3.7	5.8
65	Operations and systems researchers and analysts	251	198,944	15,177	15,857	7.6	8.0
66	Actuaries	20	13,499	0	0	0.0	0.0
67	Statisticians	31	19,523	1,646	3,709	8.4	19.0
68	Mathematical scientists, n.e.c.	2	1,875	0	0	0.0	0.0
69	Physicists and astronomers	33	25,204	0	332	0.0	1.3
73	Chemists, except biochemists	193	141,880	13,124	14,933	9.3	10.5
74	Atmospheric and space scientists	15	8,644	3,103	3,310	35.9	38.3
75	Geologists and geodesists	57	35,843	3,590	4,811	10.0	13.4
76	Physical scientists, n.e.c.	62	47,651	1,133	1,260	2.4	2.6
77	Agricultural and food scientists	57	32,590	5,050	5,169	15.5	15.9
78	Biological and life scientists	157	111,261	7,461	11,386	6.7	10.2
79	Forestry and conservation scientists	48	23,723	3,831	4,050	16.1	17.1
83	Medical scientists	90	65,568	3,937	6,063	6.0	9.2
84	Physicians	616	457,393	26,554	40,671	5.8	8.9
85	Dentists	34	25,199	1,337	1,337	5.3	5.3
86	Veterinarians	42	28,156	0	370	0.0	1.3
87	Optometrists	21	16,930	694	1,011	4.1	6.0
88	Podiatrists	3	2,131	0	0	0.0	0.0
89	Health diagnosing practitioners, n.e.c.	16	9,928	149	149	1.5	1.5
95	Registered nurses	2,841	1,966,621	304,832	351,880	15.5	17.9
96	Pharmacists	229	165,642	10,533	10,533	6.4	6.4
97	Dietitians	131	96,879	13,598	16,860	14.0	17.4
98	Respiratory therapists	130	95,568	11,186	12,443	11.7	13.0
99	Occupational therapists	77	60,080	4,869	4,869	8.1	8.1
103	Physical therapists	144	104,613	4,621	6,841	4.4	6.5
104	Speech therapists	142	89,598	33,383	37,272	37.3	41.6
105	Therapists, n.e.c.	125	85,466	11,064	15,504	12.9	18.1
106	Physicians' assistants	87	66,345	6,899	9,389	10.4	14.2
163	Counselors, Educational and Vocational	381	260,750	84,397	102,165	32.4	39.2
164	Librarians	269	184,015	59,221	64,740	32.2	35.2
165	Archivists and curators	33	20,750	816	2,301	3.9	11.1
166	Economists	189	134,118	3,856	5,827	2.9	4.3
167	Psychologists	232	165,929	25,614	27,107	15.4	16.3
168	Sociologists	5	4,028	1,307	1,307	32.5	32.5
169	Social scientists, n.e.c.	38	21,723	2,554	3,245	11.8	14.9
173	Urban planners	15	12,228	1,385	1,385	11.3	11.3
174	Social workers	993	733,054	177,370	209,327	24.2	28.6
175	Recreation workers	154	110,746	5,419	8,019	4.9	7.2
176	Clergy	499	359,000	2,381	3,057	0.7	0.9
177	Religious workers, n.e.c.	175	129,085	2,069	2,889	1.6	2.2
178	Lawyers and Judges	832	609,807	26,854	33,747	4.4	5.5
183	Authors	65	45,124	3,756	4,792	8.3	10.6
184	Technical writers	77	59,919	3,686	4,467	6.2	7.5
185	Designers	593	441,506	16,731	19,407	3.8	4.4
186	Musicians and composers	114	89,451	9,279	9,279	10.4	10.4
187	Actors and directors	133	90,810	9,670	12,101	10.6	13.3
188	Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist printmakers	143	105,383	2,403	4,066	2.3	3.9
189	Photographers	85	65,378	7,138	9,361	10.9	14.3
193	Dancers	41	24,187	1,753	1,953	7.2	8.1
194	Artists, performers, and related workers, n.e.c.	99	74,972	12,565	15,903	16.8	21.2
195	Editors and reporters	347	249,380	26,747	26,865	10.7	10.8
197	Public relations specialists	220	150,135	7,662	10,843	5.1	7.2
198	Announcers	70	49,355	1,812	2,469	3.7	5.0
199	Athletes	101	74,625	7,913	10,974	10.6	14.7
	TEACHERS, POSTSECONDARY	1,262	882,724	154,879	195,281	17.5	22.1
113	Earth, environmental, and marine science teachers	7	3,106	697	1,493	22.5	48.1
114	Biological science teachers	41	31,765	4,194	4,841	13.2	15.2
115	Chemistry teachers	23	14,121	1,473	2,978	10.4	21.1
116	Physics teachers	15	9,508	3,145	3,145	33.1	33.1
117	Natural science teachers, n.e.c.	5	3,979	1,371	1,371	34.5	34.5
118	Psychology teachers	34	21,746	1,209	2,792	5.6	12.8
119	Economics teachers	26	20,155	5,453	8,427	27.1	41.8
123	History teachers	29	20,150	6,710	9,239	33.3	45.9
124	Political science teachers	13	10,274	771	1,244	7.5	12.1
125	Sociology teachers	16	10,600	5,330	7,051	50.3	66.5
126	Social science teachers, n.e.c.	5	2,368	690	1,239	29.1	52.4
127	Engineering teachers	46	31,424	7,446	9,733	23.7	31.0
128	Mathematical science teachers	75	55,100	8,978	10,530	16.3	19.1
129	Computer science teachers	29	21,203	4,727	6,220	22.3	29.3
133	Medical science teachers	31	24,274	4,686	4,686	19.3	19.3
134	Health specialties teachers	74	47,783	6,666	9,221	13.9	19.3
135	Business, commerce, and marketing teachers	44	25,868	6,188	6,566	23.9	25.4
136	Agriculture and forestry teachers	4	2,152	921	921	42.8	42.8
137	Art, drama, and music teachers	56	37,159	7,391	9,986	19.9	26.9
138	Physical education teachers	11	8,549	111	111	1.3	1.3
139	Education teachers	20	15,234	2,331	2,331	15.3	15.3
143	English teachers	83	58,818	8,557	8,557	14.5	14.5
144	Foreign language teachers	34	21,654	7,425	7,425	34.3	34.3
145	Law teachers	10	7,142	141	141	2.0	2.0
146	Social work teachers	6	2,808	1,175	1,175	41.8	41.8
147	Theology teachers	22	15,405	3,231	4,123	21.0	26.8
148	Trade and industrial teachers	9	7,010	1,013	2,108	14.5	30.1
149	Home economics teachers	0
153	Teachers, postsecondary, n.e.c.	12	7,736	1,823	1,823	23.6	23.6
154	Postsecondary teachers, subject not specified	482	345,635	51,026	65,801	14.8	19.0
	TEACHERS, EXCEPT POSTSECONDARY	6,411	4,530,501	2,110,107	2,393,306	46.6	52.8
155	Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten	679	515,184	100,121	120,623	19.4	23.4
156	Teachers, elementary school	2,604	1,852,724	1,029,374	1,170,372	55.6	63.2
157	Teachers, secondary school	1,785	1,233,267	712,474	798,695	57.8	64.8
158	Teachers, special education	502	333,900	210,369	236,290	63.0	70.8
159	Teachers, n.e.c.	841	595,426	57,769	67,326	9.7	11.3
	TECHNICIANS AND RELATED SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS	5,202	3,828,414	409,203	491,610	10.7	12.8
203	Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians	505	363,371	33,800	42,695	9.3	11.7
204	Dental hygienists	127	91,834	4,501	4,501	4.9	4.9
205	Health record technologists and technicians	22	16,585	737	737	4.4	4.4
206	Radiologic technicians	191	138,253	6,119	7,807	4.4	5.6
207	Licensed practical nurses	554	393,094	51,490	60,709	13.1	15.4
208	Health technologists and technicians, n.e.c.	770	579,092	51,827	63,807	8.9	11.0
213	Electrical and electronic technicians	478	359,381	55,302	65,903	15.4	18.3
214	Industrial engineering technicians	7	4,797	1,292	1,292	26.9	26.9
215	Mechanical engineering technicians	25	18,247	5,378	5,378	29.5	29.5
216	Engineering technicians, n.e.c.	298	219,494	29,925	35,513	13.6	16.2
217	Drafting occupations	292	224,675	13,307	20,374	5.9	9.1
218	Surveying and mapping technicians	88	63,186	4,787	5,327	7.6	8.4
223	Biological technicians	119	77,592	10,128	12,940	13.1	16.7
224	Chemical technicians	108	82,634	11,463	12,879	13.9	15.6
225	Science technicians, n.e.c.	124	87,948	10,135	13,404	11.5	15.2
226	Airplane pilots and navigators	154	113,654	59,001	63,299	51.9	55.7
227	Air traffic controllers	49	31,740	15,527	16,685	48.9	52.6
228	Broadcast equipment operators	44	32,607	5,940	5,940	18.2	18.2
229	Computer programmers	713	546,994	23,874	30,009	4.4	5.5
233	Tool programmers, numerical control	2	1,848	887	887	48.0	48.0
234	Legal assistants	407	287,289	6,764	11,838	2.4	4.1
235	Technicians, n.e.c.	125	94,100	7,020	9,688	7.5	10.3
	SALES OCCUPATIONS	17,162	12,657,796	540,975	616,071	4.3	4.9
243	Supervisors and Proprietors, Sales Occupations	4,313	3,148,647	108,905	126,050	3.5	4.0
253	Insurance sales occupations	604	449,098	12,206	16,265	2.7	3.6
254	Real estate sales occupations	521	382,489	14,981	19,467	3.9	5.1
255	Securities and financial services sales occupations	411	297,666	3,873	7,202	1.3	2.4
256	Advertising and related sales occupations	189	145,145	7,054	8,484	4.9	5.8
257	Sales occupations, other business services	710	533,803	29,184	31,021	5.5	5.8
258	Sales engineers	51	39,469	0	1,376	0.0	3.5
259	Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale	1,812	1,376,421	28,588	34,937	2.1	2.5
263	Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats	365	267,974	3,619	4,470	1.4	1.7
264	Sales workers, apparel	580	436,771	7,227	10,399	1.7	2.4
265	Sales workers, shoes	130	96,243	1,936	1,936	2.0	2.0
266	Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings	217	159,030	1,786	1,786	1.1	1.1
267	Sales workers, radio, TV, hi-fi, and appliances	271	207,997	3,820	4,592	1.8	2.2
268	Sales workers, hardware and building supplies	337	235,328	3,210	4,581	1.4	1.9
269	Sales workers, parts	217	152,636	3,176	3,354	2.1	2.2
274	Sales workers, other commodities	1,885	1,380,123	38,029	45,990	2.8	3.3
275	Sales counter clerks	261	184,319	5,202	6,063	2.8	3.3
276	Cashiers	3,787	2,802,947	262,276	280,803	9.4	10.0
277	Street and door-to-door sales workers	266	188,060	1,655	3,049	0.9	1.6
278	News vendors	131	96,376	3,209	3,209	3.3	3.3
283	Demonstrators, promoters and models, sales	80	56,683	1,037	1,037	1.8	1.8
284	Auctioneers	2	1,735	0	0	0.0	0.0
285	Sales support occupations, n.e.c.	22	18,836	0	0	0.0	0.0
	ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS, INCLUDING CLERICAL	24,283	17,700,645	2,280,843	2,633,831	12.9	14.9
303	Supervisors, general office	526	369,212	50,434	67,090	13.7	18.2
304	Supervisors, computer equipment operators	33	25,674	1,383	3,508	5.4	13.7
305	Supervisors, financial records processing	108	80,004	2,203	2,552	2.8	3.2
306	Chief communications operators	6	5,642	1,021	1,021	18.1	18.1
307	Supervisors, distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks	234	175,496	28,811	37,032	16.4	21.1
308	Computer operators	505	386,143	32,695	40,393	8.5	10.5
309	Peripheral equipment operators	5	3,843	188	188	4.9	4.9
313	Secretaries	4,407	3,072,585	260,184	317,230	8.5	10.3
314	Stenographers	112	78,052	4,964	7,471	6.4	9.6
315	Typists	797	587,099	77,900	94,139	13.3	16.0
316	Interviewers	218	172,810	10,983	13,702	6.4	7.9
317	Hotel clerks	149	105,386	1,556	1,556	1.5	1.5
318	Transportation ticket and reservation agents	370	267,944	35,371	37,784	13.2	14.1
319	Receptionists	1,283	945,088	28,738	34,044	3.0	3.6
323	Information clerks, n.e.c.	496	378,359	21,572	25,298	5.7	6.7
325	Classified-ad clerks	4	3,272	0	0	0.0	0.0
326	Correspondence clerks	11	7,310	1,819	1,819	24.9	24.9
327	Order clerks	279	215,644	51,670	57,134	24.0	26.5
328	Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping	84	60,211	4,172	5,251	6.9	8.7
329	Library clerks	199	141,551	20,616	24,190	14.6	17.1
335	File clerks	398	312,387	28,392	34,715	9.1	11.1
336	Records clerks	247	175,583	25,270	31,212	14.4	17.8
337	Bookkeepers, accounting, and auditing clerks	2,100	1,474,943	80,294	97,634	5.4	6.6
338	Payroll and timekeeping clerks	228	166,847	20,907	26,089	12.5	15.6
339	Billing clerks	228	162,485	12,335	14,528	7.6	8.9
343	Cost and rate clerks	77	57,870	8,606	9,094	14.9	15.7
344	Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators	142	104,669	4,685	5,645	4.5	5.4
345	Duplicating machine operators	54	38,325	974	974	2.5	2.5
346	Mail preparing and paper handling machine operators	10	7,389	0	496	0.0	6.7
347	Office machine operators, n.e.c.	33	30,317	3,514	4,167	11.6	13.7
348	Telephone operators	226	165,584	42,916	47,092	25.9	28.4
353	Communications equipment operators, n.e.c.	15	14,465	3,440	4,135	23.8	28.6
354	Postal clerks, except mail carriers	418	303,188	218,876	240,282	72.2	79.3
355	Mail carriers, postal service	414	315,671	259,691	271,101	82.3	85.9
356	Mail clerks, except postal service	238	187,464	28,143	31,976	15.0	17.1
357	Messengers	215	164,425	8,017	8,296	4.9	5.0
359	Dispatchers	350	238,076	54,840	61,034	23.0	25.6
363	Production coordinators	280	208,321	31,091	34,864	14.9	16.7
364	Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks	769	611,249	88,475	96,424	14.5	15.8
365	Stock and inventory clerks	644	490,678	87,452	97,961	17.8	20.0
366	Meter readers	72	53,851	18,966	20,661	35.2	38.4
368	Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers	74	55,490	9,655	9,655	17.4	17.4
373	Expediters	293	215,048	21,825	22,356	10.1	10.4
374	Material recording, scheduling, and distributing clerks, n.e.c.	24	18,098	7,161	7,798	39.6	43.1
375	Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators	541	396,541	17,313	17,933	4.4	4.5
376	Investigators and adjusters, except insurance	1,213	882,555	39,667	49,086	4.5	5.6
377	Eligibility clerks, social welfare	143	111,017	29,392	31,300	26.5	28.2
378	Bill and account collectors	218	154,536	10,710	12,899	6.9	8.3
379	General office clerks	991	724,350	86,694	103,827	12.0	14.3
383	Bank tellers	595	433,672	11,944	16,343	2.8	3.8
384	Proofreaders	29	22,183	1,391	1,391	6.3	6.3
385	Data-entry keyers	940	718,049	74,208	89,161	10.3	12.4
386	Statistical clerks	131	96,041	6,600	9,108	6.9	9.5
387	Teachers' aides	883	626,013	191,498	225,565	30.6	36.0
389	Administrative support occupations, n.e.c.	1,224	881,942	109,622	127,631	12.4	14.5
	PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD OCCUPATIONS	1,084	812,425	5,363	6,743	0.7	0.8
403	Launderers and ironers	1	1,079	0	0	0.0	0.0
404	Cooks, private household	13	8,082	677	677	8.4	8.4
405	Housekeepers and butlers	19	14,706	0	0	0.0	0.0
406	Child care workers, private household	364	279,237	963	963	0.3	0.3
407	Private household cleaners and servants	687	509,321	3,723	5,103	0.7	1.0
	PROTECTIVE SERVICE OCCUPATIONS	2,840	2,153,802	851,550	909,277	39.5	42.2
413	Supervisors, firefighting and fire prevention occupations	55	39,629	24,285	26,068	61.3	65.8
414	Supervisors, police and detectives	121	92,938	51,507	52,594	55.4	56.6
415	Supervisors, guards	63	45,006	3,517	3,517	7.8	7.8
416	Fire inspection and fire prevention occupations	19	13,410	7,650	7,650	57.0	57.0
417	Firefighting occupations	292	215,870	146,566	151,250	67.9	70.1
418	Police and detectives, public service	738	560,764	335,401	356,315	59.8	63.5
423	Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers	182	129,855	48,948	51,439	37.7	39.6
424	Correctional institution officers	341	270,268	146,836	157,445	54.3	58.3
425	Crossing guards	43	32,454	8,648	8,648	26.6	26.6
426	Guards and police, except public service	867	664,034	72,361	88,519	10.9	13.3
427	Protective service occupations, n.e.c.	119	89,574	5,831	5,831	6.5	6.5
	SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, EXCEPT PROTECTIVE AND HOUSEHOLD	17,886	12,930,546	1,245,969	1,414,608	9.6