Union Membership, Coverage, Density and Employment by Occupation, 1998 (details in table note)
COC	Occupation Name	Obs	Employment	Members	Covered	%Mem	%Cov
	EXECUTIVE, ADMINISTRATIVE, AND MANAGERIAL OCCUPATIONS	20,947	15,473,236	812,147	1,017,282	5.2	6.6
4	Chief executives and general administrators, public administration	24	16,205	1,703	1,703	10.5	10.5
5	Administrators and officials, public administration	931	620,601	108,157	135,923	17.4	21.9
6	Administrators, protective services	83	54,727	14,270	14,270	26.1	26.1
7	Financial managers	929	677,734	6,289	10,811	0.9	1.6
8	Personnel and labor relations managers	201	153,784	7,399	9,141	4.8	5.9
9	Purchasing managers	180	137,573	2,389	3,137	1.7	2.3
13	Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations	982	770,661	2,538	7,453	0.3	1.0
14	Administrators, education and related fields	1,036	705,667	110,832	135,920	15.7	19.3
15	Managers, medicine and health	987	690,061	26,670	32,793	3.9	4.8
17	Managers, food serving and lodging establishments	1,434	1,056,973	23,213	36,856	2.2	3.5
18	Managers, properties and real estate	473	360,363	13,153	14,240	3.6	4.0
19	Funeral directors	38	25,644	588	588	2.3	2.3
21	Managers, service organizations, n.e.c.	815	567,851	41,435	46,814	7.3	8.2
22	Managers and administrators, n.e.c.	7,253	5,499,650	169,195	220,481	3.1	4.0
23	Accountants and auditors	1,921	1,413,442	76,832	95,106	5.4	6.7
24	Underwriters	140	112,743	349	1,404	0.3	1.2
25	Other financial officers	946	675,401	18,797	28,447	2.8	4.2
26	Management analysts	306	241,143	11,512	14,528	4.8	6.0
27	Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists	614	459,831	30,680	35,373	6.7	7.7
28	Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products	15	12,896	0	0	0.0	0.0
29	Buyers, wholesale and retail trade except farm products	266	201,143	5,627	6,459	2.8	3.2
33	Purchasing agents and buyers, n.e.c.	329	250,774	15,291	18,902	6.1	7.5
34	Business and promotion agents	34	28,562	0	1,312	0.0	4.6
35	Construction inspectors	90	67,673	21,898	23,395	32.4	34.6
36	Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction	319	230,630	74,438	86,139	32.3	37.3
37	Management related occupations, n.e.c.	601	441,504	28,890	36,087	6.5	8.2
	PROFESSIONAL SPECIALTY OCCUPATIONS, EXC. TEACHERS	16,281	11,920,137	1,163,757	1,377,506	9.8	11.6
43	Architects	150	105,912	4,751	5,466	4.5	5.2
44	Aerospace engineers	97	77,590	5,958	7,781	7.7	10.0
45	Metallurgical and materials engineers	44	37,290	4,483	4,483	12.0	12.0
46	Mining engineers	10	4,828	0	0	0.0	0.0
47	Petroleum engineers	30	21,093	0	0	0.0	0.0
48	Chemical engineers	96	68,325	1,097	1,097	1.6	1.6
49	Nuclear engineers	11	8,968	0	0	0.0	0.0
53	Civil engineers	359	271,674	28,175	32,755	10.4	12.1
54	Agricultural engineers	9	5,720	2,529	2,970	44.2	51.9
55	Electrical and electronic engineers	770	616,274	27,366	35,873	4.4	5.8
56	Industrial engineers	334	254,138	9,916	12,381	3.9	4.9
57	Mechanical engineers	427	325,200	14,708	16,693	4.5	5.1
58	Marine and naval architects	18	15,221	559	559	3.7	3.7
59	Engineers, n.e.c.	371	275,548	20,047	23,057	7.3	8.4
63	Surveyors and mapping scientists	19	11,619	348	486	3.0	4.2
64	Computer systems analysts and scientists	1,667	1,349,329	41,753	64,810	3.1	4.8
65	Operations and systems researchers and analysts	273	212,914	14,125	16,629	6.6	7.8
66	Actuaries	32	23,559	254	254	1.1	1.1
67	Statisticians	45	32,844	2,992	2,992	9.1	9.1
68	Mathematical scientists, n.e.c.	7	6,129	0	0	0.0	0.0
69	Physicists and astronomers	48	35,305	278	278	0.8	0.8
73	Chemists, except biochemists	178	131,635	6,095	7,213	4.6	5.5
74	Atmospheric and space scientists	10	6,735	1,626	1,626	24.1	24.1
75	Geologists and geodesists	70	50,533	1,834	2,819	3.6	5.6
76	Physical scientists, n.e.c.	53	33,810	4,395	5,363	13.0	15.9
77	Agricultural and food scientists	53	32,138	2,714	2,714	8.4	8.4
78	Biological and life scientists	148	101,747	5,623	8,027	5.5	7.9
79	Forestry and conservation scientists	49	24,029	6,394	6,394	26.6	26.6
83	Medical scientists	105	88,231	1,638	2,823	1.9	3.2
84	Physicians	689	505,715	30,712	42,544	6.1	8.4
85	Dentists	46	34,489	3,125	3,125	9.1	9.1
86	Veterinarians	38	29,035	0	0	0.0	0.0
87	Optometrists	25	16,295	0	0	0.0	0.0
88	Podiatrists	4	3,185	782	1,454	24.5	45.6
89	Health diagnosing practitioners, n.e.c.	12	8,805	0	0	0.0	0.0
95	Registered nurses	2,859	1,999,111	294,833	335,717	14.7	16.8
96	Pharmacists	224	166,863	10,250	11,539	6.1	6.9
97	Dietitians	116	79,800	7,264	9,525	9.1	11.9
98	Respiratory therapists	139	104,316	15,753	18,720	15.1	17.9
99	Occupational therapists	90	60,817	6,367	8,528	10.5	14.0
103	Physical therapists	179	121,329	5,560	8,654	4.6	7.1
104	Speech therapists	130	93,335	41,205	46,353	44.1	49.7
105	Therapists, n.e.c.	135	101,496	12,175	12,175	12.0	12.0
106	Physicians' assistants	93	63,708	6,026	7,841	9.5	12.3
163	Counselors, Educational and Vocational	316	223,326	90,609	104,717	40.6	46.9
164	Librarians	287	202,455	55,522	62,831	27.4	31.0
165	Archivists and curators	40	25,252	3,509	4,267	13.9	16.9
166	Economists	150	108,217	1,359	4,092	1.3	3.8
167	Psychologists	241	160,928	36,579	42,278	22.7	26.3
168	Sociologists	8	5,059	1,286	1,286	25.4	25.4
169	Social scientists, n.e.c.	37	29,328	1,330	4,430	4.5	15.1
173	Urban planners	20	13,889	4,286	5,152	30.9	37.1
174	Social workers	1,024	742,665	177,905	195,376	24.0	26.3
175	Recreation workers	202	137,750	6,086	7,389	4.4	5.4
176	Clergy	447	312,258	2,228	4,739	0.7	1.5
177	Religious workers, n.e.c.	156	114,048	0	764	0.0	0.7
178	Lawyers and Judges	870	611,654	26,935	32,699	4.4	5.3
183	Authors	64	43,585	7,704	8,418	17.7	19.3
184	Technical writers	84	65,830	1,823	2,089	2.8	3.2
185	Designers	677	496,677	25,447	32,270	5.1	6.5
186	Musicians and composers	127	100,898	12,100	14,068	12.0	13.9
187	Actors and directors	127	103,080	9,883	9,883	9.6	9.6
188	Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist printmakers	141	109,121	5,428	6,667	5.0	6.1
189	Photographers	95	67,419	4,262	4,262	6.3	6.3
193	Dancers	31	20,573	0	0	0.0	0.0
194	Artists, performers, and related workers, n.e.c.	105	76,252	11,271	12,854	14.8	16.9
195	Editors and reporters	382	248,771	17,622	21,878	7.1	8.8
197	Public relations specialists	206	148,908	6,811	9,599	4.6	6.4
198	Announcers	72	52,723	3,345	3,345	6.3	6.3
199	Athletes	110	82,836	6,716	10,436	8.1	12.6
	TEACHERS, POSTSECONDARY	1,357	926,027	150,552	192,346	16.3	20.8
113	Earth, environmental, and marine science teachers	10	5,727	1,724	1,724	30.1	30.1
114	Biological science teachers	56	37,341	6,394	10,729	17.1	28.7
115	Chemistry teachers	21	13,326	1,376	1,376	10.3	10.3
116	Physics teachers	18	11,841	1,292	1,292	10.9	10.9
117	Natural science teachers, n.e.c.	2	1,527	0	0	0.0	0.0
118	Psychology teachers	43	31,791	5,671	6,639	17.8	20.9
119	Economics teachers	37	24,900	3,080	4,466	12.4	17.9
123	History teachers	32	19,206	4,090	4,962	21.3	25.8
124	Political science teachers	19	11,295	2,661	2,661	23.6	23.6
125	Sociology teachers	8	7,193	1,173	1,173	16.3	16.3
126	Social science teachers, n.e.c.	13	9,611	105	953	1.1	9.9
127	Engineering teachers	66	42,218	8,619	9,209	20.4	21.8
128	Mathematical science teachers	68	47,157	14,806	16,507	31.4	35.0
129	Computer science teachers	33	22,978	3,988	4,748	17.4	20.7
133	Medical science teachers	24	16,958	730	730	4.3	4.3
134	Health specialties teachers	65	38,691	4,559	8,043	11.8	20.8
135	Business, commerce, and marketing teachers	30	22,927	4,849	6,050	21.1	26.4
136	Agriculture and forestry teachers	6	3,130	1,577	1,577	50.4	50.4
137	Art, drama, and music teachers	70	47,305	5,511	6,716	11.6	14.2
138	Physical education teachers	13	8,707	4,840	4,840	55.6	55.6
139	Education teachers	10	5,311	1,866	1,866	35.1	35.1
143	English teachers	98	67,028	17,474	20,549	26.1	30.7
144	Foreign language teachers	28	18,027	1,870	2,989	10.4	16.6
145	Law teachers	9	5,916	690	1,032	11.7	17.4
146	Social work teachers	6	4,743	2,471	2,471	52.1	52.1
147	Theology teachers	18	13,266	920	1,636	6.9	12.3
148	Trade and industrial teachers	6	3,605	761	761	21.1	21.1
149	Home economics teachers	2	1,354	0	0	0.0	0.0
153	Teachers, postsecondary, n.e.c.	3	1,465	1,278	1,278	87.2	87.2
154	Postsecondary teachers, subject not specified	543	381,485	46,179	65,369	12.1	17.1
	TEACHERS, EXCEPT POSTSECONDARY	6,664	4,782,396	2,125,965	2,427,794	44.5	50.8
155	Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten	740	586,189	101,759	129,258	17.4	22.1
156	Teachers, elementary school	2,732	1,949,220	1,073,441	1,219,352	55.1	62.6
157	Teachers, secondary school	1,784	1,246,082	691,430	779,192	55.5	62.5
158	Teachers, special education	527	367,082	213,709	243,691	58.2	66.4
159	Teachers, n.e.c.	881	633,822	45,626	56,301	7.2	8.9
	TECHNICIANS AND RELATED SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS	5,565	4,149,556	433,117	498,028	10.4	12.0
203	Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians	482	351,635	37,332	42,615	10.6	12.1
204	Dental hygienists	144	102,834	3,829	4,125	3.7	4.0
205	Health record technologists and technicians	19	18,105	3,722	3,722	20.6	20.6
206	Radiologic technicians	229	172,610	8,339	11,244	4.8	6.5
207	Licensed practical nurses	518	377,096	33,832	40,908	9.0	10.8
208	Health technologists and technicians, n.e.c.	891	685,634	79,221	87,134	11.6	12.7
213	Electrical and electronic technicians	583	448,573	61,891	67,902	13.8	15.1
214	Industrial engineering technicians	8	6,703	724	724	10.8	10.8
215	Mechanical engineering technicians	29	22,844	1,873	2,966	8.2	13.0
216	Engineering technicians, n.e.c.	267	198,808	14,400	20,786	7.2	10.5
217	Drafting occupations	286	210,665	15,377	16,708	7.3	7.9
218	Surveying and mapping technicians	98	67,076	4,586	6,407	6.8	9.6
223	Biological technicians	147	106,689	9,282	12,337	8.7	11.6
224	Chemical technicians	110	78,852	5,141	5,514	6.5	7.0
225	Science technicians, n.e.c.	129	93,142	8,835	11,277	9.5	12.1
226	Airplane pilots and navigators	149	104,899	67,186	68,154	64.0	65.0
227	Air traffic controllers	46	27,150	16,336	17,188	60.2	63.3
228	Broadcast equipment operators	42	34,332	8,563	8,711	24.9	25.4
229	Computer programmers	762	588,092	32,536	40,854	5.5	6.9
233	Tool programmers, numerical control	6	3,590	0	0	0.0	0.0
234	Legal assistants	481	346,559	12,120	18,366	3.5	5.3
235	Technicians, n.e.c.	139	103,670	7,992	10,387	7.7	10.0
	SALES OCCUPATIONS	17,957	13,378,215	543,949	620,307	4.1	4.6
243	Supervisors and Proprietors, Sales Occupations	4,589	3,391,470	146,847	156,160	4.3	4.6
253	Insurance sales occupations	573	420,577	7,929	12,211	1.9	2.9
254	Real estate sales occupations	586	439,789	15,532	22,170	3.5	5.0
255	Securities and financial services sales occupations	509	393,505	5,260	8,602	1.3	2.2
256	Advertising and related sales occupations	219	167,296	4,745	8,507	2.8	5.1
257	Sales occupations, other business services	785	624,583	23,974	28,269	3.8	4.5
258	Sales engineers	48	36,253	1,875	1,875	5.2	5.2
259	Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale	1,826	1,362,591	38,104	45,259	2.8	3.3
263	Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats	405	301,328	590	1,939	0.2	0.6
264	Sales workers, apparel	570	434,435	10,135	10,135	2.3	2.3
265	Sales workers, shoes	142	107,018	868	868	0.8	0.8
266	Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings	200	144,994	2,224	3,271	1.5	2.3
267	Sales workers, radio, TV, hi-fi, and appliances	335	264,219	2,160	2,786	0.8	1.1
268	Sales workers, hardware and building supplies	355	264,810	3,021	5,332	1.1	2.0
269	Sales workers, parts	235	166,867	2,162	3,559	1.3	2.1
274	Sales workers, other commodities	1,831	1,330,936	28,726	40,143	2.2	3.0
275	Sales counter clerks	260	189,642	5,727	5,727	3.0	3.0
276	Cashiers	4,049	3,041,772	238,051	254,862	7.8	8.4
277	Street and door-to-door sales workers	215	151,264	1,321	2,543	0.9	1.7
278	News vendors	105	68,103	748	2,138	1.1	3.1
283	Demonstrators, promoters and models, sales	101	64,737	3,950	3,950	6.1	6.1
284	Auctioneers	0
285	Sales support occupations, n.e.c.	19	12,025	0	0	0.0	0.0
	ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS, INCLUDING CLERICAL	24,340	17,851,476	2,261,960	2,558,339	12.7	14.3
303	Supervisors, general office	567	401,946	51,802	60,537	12.9	15.1
304	Supervisors, computer equipment operators	26	16,908	1,270	2,165	7.5	12.8
305	Supervisors, financial records processing	122	90,752	2,436	5,519	2.7	6.1
306	Chief communications operators	6	2,431	838	838	34.5	34.5
307	Supervisors, distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks	254	201,866	30,467	32,857	15.1	16.3
308	Computer operators	503	375,125	39,460	45,415	10.5	12.1
309	Peripheral equipment operators	4	2,821	0	0	0.0	0.0
313	Secretaries	3,940	2,798,313	229,964	272,893	8.2	9.8
314	Stenographers	122	82,710	3,721	4,871	4.5	5.9
315	Typists	767	560,690	69,289	82,582	12.4	14.7
316	Interviewers	227	158,988	9,312	9,312	5.9	5.9
317	Hotel clerks	186	123,719	5,237	5,237	4.2	4.2
318	Transportation ticket and reservation agents	355	257,314	33,748	39,914	13.1	15.5
319	Receptionists	1,338	983,719	29,791	36,554	3.0	3.7
323	Information clerks, n.e.c.	509	368,805	25,960	30,868	7.0	8.4
325	Classified-ad clerks	3	2,632	771	771	29.3	29.3
326	Correspondence clerks	18	12,292	260	260	2.1	2.1
327	Order clerks	317	241,933	65,246	68,109	27.0	28.2
328	Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping	94	71,699	5,300	6,867	7.4	9.6
329	Library clerks	236	167,394	24,979	29,805	14.9	17.8
335	File clerks	438	343,819	19,354	23,159	5.6	6.7
336	Records clerks	274	205,549	28,114	31,888	13.7	15.5
337	Bookkeepers, accounting, and auditing clerks	2,018	1,428,242	60,355	76,545	4.2	5.4
338	Payroll and timekeeping clerks	207	143,835	22,214	25,193	15.4	17.5
339	Billing clerks	248	177,690	8,841	10,558	5.0	5.9
343	Cost and rate clerks	64	47,398	4,327	6,107	9.1	12.9
344	Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators	123	102,040	1,543	2,308	1.5	2.3
345	Duplicating machine operators	66	53,240	5,675	6,354	10.7	11.9
346	Mail preparing and paper handling machine operators	18	11,984	1,082	1,082	9.0	9.0
347	Office machine operators, n.e.c.	24	20,684	2,036	2,036	9.8	9.8
348	Telephone operators	212	163,571	37,219	41,171	22.8	25.2
353	Communications equipment operators, n.e.c.	25	18,360	2,765	3,784	15.1	20.6
354	Postal clerks, except mail carriers	435	323,157	238,542	254,661	73.8	78.8
355	Mail carriers, postal service	456	341,155	274,478	287,205	80.5	84.2
356	Mail clerks, except postal service	239	176,349	24,355	27,510	13.8	15.6
357	Messengers	189	142,171	6,882	8,970	4.8	6.3
359	Dispatchers	321	236,293	47,986	50,437	20.3	21.3
363	Production coordinators	345	266,768	26,362	30,774	9.9	11.5
364	Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks	776	619,755	113,979	122,185	18.4	19.7
365	Stock and inventory clerks	575	461,938	89,275	94,739	19.3	20.5
366	Meter readers	52	40,497	13,315	14,958	32.9	36.9
368	Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers	75	47,945	9,517	10,451	19.9	21.8
373	Expediters	356	273,958	20,446	22,668	7.5	8.3
374	Material recording, scheduling, and distributing clerks, n.e.c.	20	15,954	350	3,141	2.2	19.7
375	Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators	608	458,477	13,295	14,350	2.9	3.1
376	Investigators and adjusters, except insurance	1,394	1,025,463	61,612	69,628	6.0	6.8
377	Eligibility clerks, social welfare	128	94,856	21,459	26,249	22.6	27.7
378	Bill and account collectors	273	203,368	11,151	12,317	5.5	6.1
379	General office clerks	980	724,411	81,936	86,804	11.3	12.0
383	Bank tellers	561	413,008	5,474	7,486	1.3	1.8
384	Proofreaders	30	22,904	628	1,406	2.7	6.1
385	Data-entry keyers	951	710,259	68,858	81,000	9.7	11.4
386	Statistical clerks	143	100,827	10,725	14,497	10.6	14.4
387	Teachers' aides	901	647,073	205,326	242,244	31.7	37.4
389	Administrative support occupations, n.e.c.	1,221	866,424	92,631	109,102	10.7	12.6
	PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD OCCUPATIONS	1,126	855,072	6,961	6,961	0.8	0.8
403	Launderers and ironers	2	911	0	0	0.0	0.0
404	Cooks, private household	7	3,963	0	0	0.0	0.0
405	Housekeepers and butlers	15	13,026	0	0	0.0	0.0
406	Child care workers, private household	348	265,575	285	285	0.1	0.1
407	Private household cleaners and servants	754	571,596	6,676	6,676	1.2	1.2
	PROTECTIVE SERVICE OCCUPATIONS	3,068	2,398,831	991,068	1,048,017	41.3	43.7
413	Supervisors, firefighting and fire prevention occupations	56	44,964	35,044	35,901	77.9	79.8
414	Supervisors, police and detectives	157	118,582	62,993	67,898	53.1	57.3
415	Supervisors, guards	72	55,196	2,704	3,412	4.9	6.2
416	Fire inspection and fire prevention occupations	26	20,806	5,862	7,185	28.2	34.5
417	Firefighting occupations	289	219,434	163,683	167,309	74.6	76.2
418	Police and detectives, public service	763	612,085	391,285	403,867	63.9	66.0
423	Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers	228	168,785	73,160	80,564	43.3	47.7
424	Correctional institution officers	343	289,202	149,686	158,447	51.8	54.8
425	Crossing guards	55	40,918	6,642	7,501	16.2	18.3
426	Guards and police, except public service	950	738,658	94,653	110,577	12.8	15.0
427	Protective service occupations, n.e.c.	129	90,203	5,357	5,357	5.9	5.9
	SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, EXCEPT PROTECTIVE AND HOUSEHOLD	18,293	13,340,095	1,211,191	1,343,357	9.1	10.1