Union Membership, Coverage, Density and Employment by Occupation, 1999 (details in table note)
COC	Occupation Name	Obs	Employment	Members	Covered	%Mem	%Cov
	EXECUTIVE, ADMINISTRATIVE, AND MANAGERIAL OCCUPATIONS	21,663	15,999,893	902,590	1,137,746	5.6	7.1
4	Chief executives and general administrators, public administration	27	18,816	1,823	1,920	9.7	10.2
5	Administrators and officials, public administration	967	637,814	108,113	138,726	17.0	21.8
6	Administrators, protective services	80	56,486	12,064	12,784	21.4	22.6
7	Financial managers	960	716,419	14,682	17,022	2.0	2.4
8	Personnel and labor relations managers	260	187,852	1,033	1,973	0.5	1.1
9	Purchasing managers	186	141,552	4,550	7,473	3.2	5.3
13	Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations	914	717,792	10,281	17,428	1.4	2.4
14	Administrators, education and related fields	1,103	766,119	156,200	189,665	20.4	24.8
15	Managers, medicine and health	966	663,274	13,161	21,733	2.0	3.3
17	Managers, food serving and lodging establishments	1,397	1,040,622	29,123	42,556	2.8	4.1
18	Managers, properties and real estate	492	382,410	10,467	10,467	2.7	2.7
19	Funeral directors	44	32,176	640	640	2.0	2.0
21	Managers, service organizations, n.e.c.	891	629,665	53,236	59,259	8.5	9.4
22	Managers and administrators, n.e.c.	7,488	5,633,047	200,863	245,750	3.6	4.4
23	Accountants and auditors	1,987	1,472,841	79,690	110,215	5.4	7.5
24	Underwriters	161	125,021	1,230	2,572	1.0	2.1
25	Other financial officers	1,023	733,132	19,678	27,937	2.7	3.8
26	Management analysts	339	267,535	8,267	11,038	3.1	4.1
27	Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists	667	509,393	42,779	54,257	8.4	10.7
28	Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products	22	14,464	1,143	2,077	7.9	14.4
29	Buyers, wholesale and retail trade except farm products	239	175,358	8,621	8,621	4.9	4.9
33	Purchasing agents and buyers, n.e.c.	362	276,824	17,079	18,816	6.2	6.8
34	Business and promotion agents	25	19,842	0	1,010	0.0	5.1
35	Construction inspectors	100	73,094	16,688	18,092	22.8	24.8
36	Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction	344	246,060	71,123	90,412	28.9	36.7
37	Management related occupations, n.e.c.	619	462,285	20,056	25,302	4.3	5.5
	PROFESSIONAL SPECIALTY OCCUPATIONS, EXC. TEACHERS	17,041	12,596,484	1,265,161	1,483,683	10.0	11.8
43	Architects	182	134,164	3,953	6,262	2.9	4.7
44	Aerospace engineers	100	84,623	6,599	8,488	7.8	10.0
45	Metallurgical and materials engineers	37	29,788	1,092	1,851	3.7	6.2
46	Mining engineers	10	5,546	0	0	0.0	0.0
47	Petroleum engineers	26	18,192	0	0	0.0	0.0
48	Chemical engineers	109	76,646	2,256	2,256	2.9	2.9
49	Nuclear engineers	11	7,185	0	0	0.0	0.0
53	Civil engineers	344	262,553	35,245	40,613	13.4	15.5
54	Agricultural engineers	6	3,393	0	0	0.0	0.0
55	Electrical and electronic engineers	810	637,484	25,224	33,961	4.0	5.3
56	Industrial engineers	350	268,195	14,160	17,399	5.3	6.5
57	Mechanical engineers	417	332,468	14,268	16,498	4.3	5.0
58	Marine and naval architects	29	21,304	4,517	4,801	21.2	22.5
59	Engineers, n.e.c.	344	259,086	18,114	19,716	7.0	7.6
63	Surveyors and mapping scientists	19	11,656	1,987	1,987	17.0	17.0
64	Computer systems analysts and scientists	1,787	1,415,706	50,088	71,187	3.5	5.0
65	Operations and systems researchers and analysts	319	250,243	20,908	23,081	8.4	9.2
66	Actuaries	30	21,113	0	0	0.0	0.0
67	Statisticians	37	24,808	4,210	4,210	17.0	17.0
68	Mathematical scientists, n.e.c.	8	8,459	0	0	0.0	0.0
69	Physicists and astronomers	45	33,543	650	650	1.9	1.9
73	Chemists, except biochemists	183	133,226	7,541	7,541	5.7	5.7
74	Atmospheric and space scientists	18	10,722	691	1,521	6.4	14.2
75	Geologists and geodesists	68	51,070	1,841	3,368	3.6	6.6
76	Physical scientists, n.e.c.	73	58,133	4,567	5,369	7.9	9.2
77	Agricultural and food scientists	63	37,742	2,946	3,859	7.8	10.2
78	Biological and life scientists	140	102,332	10,892	13,543	10.6	13.2
79	Forestry and conservation scientists	53	19,901	1,989	2,197	10.0	11.0
83	Medical scientists	125	98,002	2,903	4,928	3.0	5.0
84	Physicians	686	499,815	20,132	30,964	4.0	6.2
85	Dentists	63	46,327	2,555	2,555	5.5	5.5
86	Veterinarians	33	23,685	286	286	1.2	1.2
87	Optometrists	18	12,872	0	0	0.0	0.0
88	Podiatrists	6	3,908	1,002	1,002	25.6	25.6
89	Health diagnosing practitioners, n.e.c.	14	11,493	0	0	0.0	0.0
95	Registered nurses	2,946	2,119,390	340,403	391,646	16.1	18.5
96	Pharmacists	263	190,426	21,537	26,455	11.3	13.9
97	Dietitians	100	75,028	8,924	9,730	11.9	13.0
98	Respiratory therapists	127	89,156	5,173	7,003	5.8	7.9
99	Occupational therapists	83	64,359	9,085	10,280	14.1	16.0
103	Physical therapists	181	129,282	10,102	12,520	7.8	9.7
104	Speech therapists	140	94,933	38,516	40,529	40.6	42.7
105	Therapists, n.e.c.	142	108,692	14,134	15,745	13.0	14.5
106	Physicians' assistants	91	65,517	4,217	5,145	6.4	7.9
163	Counselors, Educational and Vocational	356	245,365	88,993	103,389	36.3	42.1
164	Librarians	339	238,409	55,247	65,166	23.2	27.3
165	Archivists and curators	46	30,860	1,525	2,135	4.9	6.9
166	Economists	167	130,398	6,747	8,571	5.2	6.6
167	Psychologists	249	179,442	34,267	39,087	19.1	21.8
168	Sociologists	3	1,733	1,405	1,733	81.1	100.0
169	Social scientists, n.e.c.	41	25,725	2,642	3,722	10.3	14.5
173	Urban planners	29	21,173	1,332	1,591	6.3	7.5
174	Social workers	1,087	800,341	185,691	203,597	23.2	25.4
175	Recreation workers	175	132,410	6,673	6,673	5.0	5.0
176	Clergy	465	348,421	1,239	1,239	0.4	0.4
177	Religious workers, n.e.c.	193	136,498	276	1,305	0.2	1.0
178	Lawyers and Judges	942	655,534	30,108	39,566	4.6	6.0
183	Authors	95	58,336	2,490	3,291	4.3	5.6
184	Technical writers	88	66,859	1,022	1,022	1.5	1.5
185	Designers	715	541,644	21,801	24,995	4.0	4.6
186	Musicians and composers	121	89,540	12,086	13,461	13.5	15.0
187	Actors and directors	114	84,566	18,981	21,085	22.4	24.9
188	Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist printmakers	151	109,206	13,113	15,417	12.0	14.1
189	Photographers	106	82,923	9,542	9,542	11.5	11.5
193	Dancers	25	17,642	0	0	0.0	0.0
194	Artists, performers, and related workers, n.e.c.	102	84,024	13,093	15,746	15.6	18.7
195	Editors and reporters	368	250,613	24,434	26,008	9.7	10.4
197	Public relations specialists	252	184,828	10,047	11,010	5.4	6.0
198	Announcers	61	38,128	3,192	3,192	8.4	8.4
199	Athletes	115	89,699	6,513	11,996	7.3	13.4
	TEACHERS, POSTSECONDARY	1,400	974,242	164,022	203,978	16.8	20.9
113	Earth, environmental, and marine science teachers	9	4,453	276	387	6.2	8.7
114	Biological science teachers	56	38,064	6,407	6,533	16.8	17.2
115	Chemistry teachers	28	18,800	3,325	3,325	17.7	17.7
116	Physics teachers	25	19,248	1,568	2,471	8.1	12.8
117	Natural science teachers, n.e.c.	4	2,730	0	0	0.0	0.0
118	Psychology teachers	42	28,846	7,397	8,781	25.6	30.4
119	Economics teachers	29	21,385	3,367	5,092	15.7	23.8
123	History teachers	28	15,743	1,976	1,976	12.6	12.6
124	Political science teachers	15	8,839	1,826	1,826	20.7	20.7
125	Sociology teachers	15	10,106	772	1,669	7.6	16.5
126	Social science teachers, n.e.c.	10	5,992	695	1,017	11.6	17.0
127	Engineering teachers	56	38,961	6,624	8,330	17.0	21.4
128	Mathematical science teachers	55	44,550	12,257	14,171	27.5	31.8
129	Computer science teachers	26	17,889	3,716	6,105	20.8	34.1
133	Medical science teachers	25	19,539	4,030	4,820	20.6	24.7
134	Health specialties teachers	62	43,113	6,671	7,657	15.5	17.8
135	Business, commerce, and marketing teachers	34	24,781	3,712	6,863	15.0	27.7
136	Agriculture and forestry teachers	8	3,469	1,749	1,749	50.4	50.4
137	Art, drama, and music teachers	67	44,533	10,628	11,058	23.9	24.8
138	Physical education teachers	11	5,700	2,760	2,760	48.4	48.4
139	Education teachers	17	9,331	106	1,688	1.1	18.1
143	English teachers	104	69,532	16,191	23,127	23.3	33.3
144	Foreign language teachers	39	26,632	7,165	7,992	26.9	30.0
145	Law teachers	13	11,150	0	1,067	0.0	9.6
146	Social work teachers	5	4,211	1,636	1,636	38.9	38.9
147	Theology teachers	34	26,386	3,725	4,220	14.1	16.0
148	Trade and industrial teachers	2	1,820	0	0	0.0	0.0
149	Home economics teachers	1	270	270	270	100.0	100.0
153	Teachers, postsecondary, n.e.c.	7	6,017	855	855	14.2	14.2
154	Postsecondary teachers, subject not specified	573	402,153	54,318	66,532	13.5	16.5
	TEACHERS, EXCEPT POSTSECONDARY	7,069	5,122,162	2,261,737	2,526,885	44.2	49.3
155	Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten	752	577,936	111,635	128,218	19.3	22.2
156	Teachers, elementary school	2,910	2,104,270	1,135,879	1,256,212	54.0	59.7
157	Teachers, secondary school	1,885	1,338,891	730,470	826,626	54.6	61.7
158	Teachers, special education	528	375,942	222,750	240,881	59.3	64.1
159	Teachers, n.e.c.	994	725,122	61,003	74,948	8.4	10.3
	TECHNICIANS AND RELATED SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS	5,591	4,187,665	460,559	522,861	11.0	12.5
203	Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians	471	348,964	28,556	30,222	8.2	8.7
204	Dental hygienists	149	99,648	4,913	5,691	4.9	5.7
205	Health record technologists and technicians	18	13,193	2,652	2,868	20.1	21.7
206	Radiologic technicians	235	169,566	14,376	16,552	8.5	9.8
207	Licensed practical nurses	485	348,710	37,716	46,485	10.8	13.3
208	Health technologists and technicians, n.e.c.	900	713,068	76,376	84,897	10.7	11.9
213	Electrical and electronic technicians	559	434,543	60,976	73,334	14.0	16.9
214	Industrial engineering technicians	2	1,208	0	0	0.0	0.0
215	Mechanical engineering technicians	26	17,685	2,042	2,042	11.5	11.5
216	Engineering technicians, n.e.c.	274	204,904	28,152	30,442	13.7	14.9
217	Drafting occupations	297	221,277	19,242	22,228	8.7	10.0
218	Surveying and mapping technicians	77	52,647	5,052	5,052	9.6	9.6
223	Biological technicians	141	104,741	7,545	7,756	7.2	7.4
224	Chemical technicians	103	74,464	14,574	17,590	19.6	23.6
225	Science technicians, n.e.c.	140	104,754	9,649	13,321	9.2	12.7
226	Airplane pilots and navigators	195	136,405	81,987	84,543	60.1	62.0
227	Air traffic controllers	38	24,517	14,238	15,645	58.1	63.8
228	Broadcast equipment operators	44	30,434	5,454	5,454	17.9	17.9
229	Computer programmers	792	604,720	24,540	33,856	4.1	5.6
233	Tool programmers, numerical control	11	9,486	2,706	2,706	28.5	28.5
234	Legal assistants	488	361,935	10,988	12,547	3.0	3.5
235	Technicians, n.e.c.	146	110,796	8,825	9,631	8.0	8.7
	SALES OCCUPATIONS	17,861	13,451,372	548,594	612,543	4.1	4.6
243	Supervisors and Proprietors, Sales Occupations	4,692	3,490,242	144,079	160,771	4.1	4.6
253	Insurance sales occupations	596	438,820	9,838	9,838	2.2	2.2
254	Real estate sales occupations	582	444,852	16,747	23,153	3.8	5.2
255	Securities and financial services sales occupations	534	421,384	8,023	10,225	1.9	2.4
256	Advertising and related sales occupations	228	177,027	8,258	10,451	4.7	5.9
257	Sales occupations, other business services	798	608,670	25,505	28,899	4.2	4.7
258	Sales engineers	45	35,066	0	0	0.0	0.0
259	Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale	1,772	1,340,168	23,675	29,896	1.8	2.2
263	Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats	383	286,895	3,118	3,118	1.1	1.1
264	Sales workers, apparel	504	393,730	3,641	4,388	0.9	1.1
265	Sales workers, shoes	158	129,863	1,291	1,291	1.0	1.0
266	Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings	226	166,475	835	835	0.5	0.5
267	Sales workers, radio, TV, hi-fi, and appliances	346	290,232	5,254	5,254	1.8	1.8
268	Sales workers, hardware and building supplies	372	267,882	3,728	3,728	1.4	1.4
269	Sales workers, parts	225	159,366	1,483	1,730	0.9	1.1
274	Sales workers, other commodities	1,748	1,301,353	34,991	38,696	2.7	3.0
275	Sales counter clerks	241	185,625	3,380	7,264	1.8	3.9
276	Cashiers	3,945	2,972,443	249,163	266,720	8.4	9.0
277	Street and door-to-door sales workers	235	177,585	648	648	0.4	0.4
278	News vendors	114	79,618	2,448	3,149	3.1	4.0
283	Demonstrators, promoters and models, sales	92	64,095	1,325	1,325	2.1	2.1
284	Auctioneers	2	2,017	0	0	0.0	0.0
285	Sales support occupations, n.e.c.	23	17,963	1,165	1,165	6.5	6.5
	ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS, INCLUDING CLERICAL	24,191	17,874,497	2,182,222	2,473,711	12.2	13.8
303	Supervisors, general office	502	366,366	38,746	44,201	10.6	12.1
304	Supervisors, computer equipment operators	25	15,800	2,452	2,789	15.5	17.7
305	Supervisors, financial records processing	100	77,788	2,358	2,358	3.0	3.0
306	Chief communications operators	4	2,333	298	298	12.8	12.8
307	Supervisors, distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks	254	209,260	34,054	37,266	16.3	17.8
308	Computer operators	438	331,585	28,341	32,487	8.5	9.8
309	Peripheral equipment operators	6	5,258	0	0	0.0	0.0
313	Secretaries	3,774	2,674,932	225,458	269,457	8.4	10.1
314	Stenographers	134	92,496	9,299	10,096	10.1	10.9
315	Typists	714	517,887	68,000	78,770	13.1	15.2
316	Interviewers	245	178,635	11,558	13,012	6.5	7.3
317	Hotel clerks	182	124,435	4,100	6,021	3.3	4.8
318	Transportation ticket and reservation agents	378	271,334	32,612	34,906	12.0	12.9
319	Receptionists	1,476	1,103,391	38,490	47,786	3.5	4.3
323	Information clerks, n.e.c.	576	452,854	19,986	23,720	4.4	5.2
325	Classified-ad clerks	6	4,975	0	0	0.0	0.0
326	Correspondence clerks	10	7,308	690	690	9.4	9.4
327	Order clerks	362	280,262	71,011	75,725	25.3	27.0
328	Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping	93	65,314	4,748	6,326	7.3	9.7
329	Library clerks	204	144,868	18,560	23,704	12.8	16.4
335	File clerks	431	350,035	19,057	21,046	5.4	6.0
336	Records clerks	283	202,608	31,255	36,794	15.4	18.2
337	Bookkeepers, accounting, and auditing clerks	2,004	1,435,858	58,228	72,927	4.1	5.1
338	Payroll and timekeeping clerks	208	141,961	15,593	16,177	11.0	11.4
339	Billing clerks	242	175,932	12,643	13,546	7.2	7.7
343	Cost and rate clerks	72	56,995	4,953	6,666	8.7	11.7
344	Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators	126	96,063	7,098	7,098	7.4	7.4
345	Duplicating machine operators	50	37,404	4,025	5,274	10.8	14.1
346	Mail preparing and paper handling machine operators	6	4,245	0	658	0.0	15.5
347	Office machine operators, n.e.c.	32	22,824	1,100	1,601	4.8	7.0
348	Telephone operators	193	141,223	31,253	33,636	22.1	23.8
353	Communications equipment operators, n.e.c.	18	12,405	2,879	2,879	23.2	23.2
354	Postal clerks, except mail carriers	433	320,543	222,759	256,372	69.5	80.0
355	Mail carriers, postal service	466	327,305	252,942	271,806	77.3	83.0
356	Mail clerks, except postal service	236	178,049	26,697	27,957	15.0	15.7
357	Messengers	194	144,977	11,426	11,426	7.9	7.9
359	Dispatchers	352	257,046	44,083	44,459	17.1	17.3
363	Production coordinators	268	198,087	21,137	22,141	10.7	11.2
364	Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks	797	627,201	95,300	101,137	15.2	16.1
365	Stock and inventory clerks	584	457,870	95,064	103,441	20.8	22.6
366	Meter readers	56	40,133	11,875	14,039	29.6	35.0
368	Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers	66	47,008	7,896	8,026	16.8	17.1
373	Expediters	348	259,392	21,982	21,982	8.5	8.5
374	Material recording, scheduling, and distributing clerks, n.e.c.	14	10,423	4,053	4,053	38.9	38.9
375	Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators	581	442,734	13,027	13,845	2.9	3.1
376	Investigators and adjusters, except insurance	1,414	1,066,640	51,023	57,501	4.8	5.4
377	Eligibility clerks, social welfare	140	106,866	26,488	30,770	24.8	28.8
378	Bill and account collectors	232	180,189	7,950	7,950	4.4	4.4
379	General office clerks	976	742,252	70,283	85,059	9.5	11.5
383	Bank tellers	590	430,646	5,067	5,191	1.2	1.2
384	Proofreaders	25	16,766	0	0	0.0	0.0
385	Data-entry keyers	976	738,816	68,987	86,678	9.3	11.7
386	Statistical clerks	143	97,004	11,209	12,061	11.6	12.4
387	Teachers' aides	958	692,049	228,023	258,422	32.9	37.3
389	Administrative support occupations, n.e.c.	1,194	887,866	86,107	101,482	9.7	11.4
	PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD OCCUPATIONS	1,105	844,327	5,967	7,069	0.7	0.8
403	Launderers and ironers	2	773	0	0	0.0	0.0
404	Cooks, private household	9	6,199	669	669	10.8	10.8
405	Housekeepers and butlers	15	10,373	0	0	0.0	0.0
406	Child care workers, private household	373	299,593	900	2,003	0.3	0.7
407	Private household cleaners and servants	706	527,388	4,398	4,398	0.8	0.8
	PROTECTIVE SERVICE OCCUPATIONS	3,114	2,426,682	927,249	990,645	38.2	40.8
413	Supervisors, firefighting and fire prevention occupations	48	37,645	23,590	24,332	62.7	64.6
414	Supervisors, police and detectives	124	99,848	48,510	52,490	48.6	52.6
415	Supervisors, guards	56	43,829	1,632	1,632	3.7	3.7
416	Fire inspection and fire prevention occupations	24	19,058	5,155	6,760	27.0	35.5
417	Firefighting occupations	293	217,273	150,396	155,407	69.2	71.5
418	Police and detectives, public service	803	618,593	377,665	400,922	61.1	64.8
423	Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers	238	184,033	72,379	81,389	39.3	44.2
424	Correctional institution officers	359	305,282	145,482	153,682	47.7	50.3
425	Crossing guards	53	38,947	5,905	6,845	15.2	17.6
426	Guards and police, except public service	967	749,086	89,193	99,192	11.9	13.2
427	Protective service occupations, n.e.c.	149	113,087	7,341	7,995	6.5	7.1
	SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, EXCEPT PROTECTIVE AND HOUSEHOLD	18,529	13,558,226	1,217,710	1,338,734	9.0	9.9